The Philosophical Perspective And Historical View Of...

Throughout the course of this class I learn several things about the way our government started and how it works. It started off by the philosophical perspective and then went through its historical view and slowly moved on into the way it works in modern society. Although I did learn a vast majority of new things, there is a limit to what I have to write; therefore, I will focus more on the philosophical perspective and historical view of government, and the evolution of mass media. Our government started with three men, Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and their way of seeing our government. Thomas Hobbes, an English philosopher, believed we were all beasts and thought all humans were self-seeking beings who would do†¦show more content†¦And then there is Baron De Montesquieu who thought that every man that had power is led to abuse it and that there should be the need of a measure of prevention. We then learned the historical perspective of government. It started with the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776. This was a declaration that was formed by the Continental Congress in which the original thirteen colonies that were at war with Great Britain considered themselves as thirteen newly individual states and not a part of the Britain Empire. In the Declaration of Independence it states where these thirteen colonies were given the right to be treated as independents states; â€Å" these United Colonies are, and of Right ought to be Free and Independent States; that they are Absolved from all Allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain, is and ought to be totally dissolved; and that as Free and Independent States, they have full Power to levy War, conclude Peace, contract Alliances, establish Commerce, and to do all other Acts and Things which Independent States may of right do†(Declaration of I ndependence, 1776). There was then The Articles of Confederation which was drafted in 1775 but ratified until July 9, 1781. In this document the thirteen original states established the first type

The Fascination Effects Of Music On The Human Mind

The Fascination Effects of Music on the Human Mind; Framing Intuition and Perception From ancient times, music has held great importance to cultures all over the world. Music remains one language that is ever evolving; it refuses to die away. From that day almost 40,000 years ago, one of the first musicians picked up a vulture’s bone and decided to make a flute out of it, till this day, music has held a power that no other language will ever hold. The importance of music has indeed waxed greater and greater through the centuries. From its use for story-telling, ceremonial purposes, social and religious practices, etc, there has been a great expansion of its uses. Majority of the masses do not realize this, but music has become an unavoidable part of our daily lives. With its use in movies, advertisement, shopping centers, elevators, buses, etc, not a day goes by without each person hearing some kind of music. As its forms have expanded so have its uses. Its undeniable effects over the human mind have not gone unrecognized by researchers and scientists. Music i s a much more extremely powerful tool than the masses realize, it has the ability to influence and frame one’s decisions, intuition, mood, interpretation and overall perception of things. It’s constant use in advertisement and film sheds a great deal of light on this. With the countless numbers of research and experiments used to prove this fact, it is no wonder advertisers and movie makers have capitalized on it.Show MoreRelatedHow Technology Has Changed Our Lives1593 Words   |  7 Pages It used to be that humans would win wars with wood, swords, and brute strength. It used to be that humans would hunt for their food. It used to be that only the rich and noble could read and write. Times have changed, the world has changed, humans have changed. Humans have come a long way since the days of sticks and stone. Today, many people utilize technology as a way to live their life. 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Premodern Religion Free Essays

Paul Lambert Hum 251 Professor Horten 9 / 26 / 2012 The Facade of Pre-Modern Religion During the pre-modern age there was perhaps no larger an aspect of everyday life than religion. Today’s day and age is a stark contrast, as religion has for the most part taken a backseat in importance. From the pre-modern age to now, religion has changed completely. We will write a custom essay sample on Premodern Religion or any similar topic only for you Order Now Pre-modern religion held political power locally, and all across Europe. Today religion holds a mostly spiritual power for the truly devout. This essay will discover the role and importance that religion played in the pre-modern age, and how it permeated the lives of those living in it. In pre-modern times there wasn’t a diverse society like the one we currently live in. In the pre-modern age everybody had their own role in the community. In this feudal society, there was very little opportunity for advancement. Because of the lack of education at this time people only had a few skills, which they would put to use to make a living. Most people were farmers who worked the land most of their lives to provide food for their village, and family. There were others that had specialty skills, who may have been a blacksmith, or a shoe maker; but what they all had in common was that they were all hard workers, who had hard lives. In a pre-modern village the noble family, or the wealthiest families, would have presided over the village. These nobles would have essentially ruled over the villages and made sure things ran smoothly. About the only chance of becoming something other than a craftsman, or farmer, was to be born into one of these noble families. If you were privileged you could become a knight, but many of these people would become clergy. These clergy were one of the biggest aspects of the pre-modern society. Each village had a church, and that church was the main center of community life. The priests or clergymen were at the center of this as well. The clergy played the role of intermediary to God. These men were also some of the only educated people around, although their education may have been still somewhat limited. In addition to the church, the clergy would have run the monastery. Monasteries were multifaceted facilities where the sick in the community could be cared for, the poor fed, and where monks would have studied, and also made copies of books. Clergy would have been at the head of religious ceremonies, as we saw in â€Å"The Return of Martin Guerre,† where at his marriage the priest performs the actual marriage ceremony; along with blessing of the bride and groom so that they may be fertile and produce many children. The largest role that clergy would have played though would have been as the spiritual leader of the community. One of the biggest differences between religion in pre-modern times and today was the public nature of personal religious faith. Today our own personal religious beliefs are usually kept to yourself, unless you are talking with someone close to you, or are having a theological discussion. In pre-modern life everyone was religious, and your religious beliefs were a public matter. At a time when the mass public is so vastly uneducated, the need for counsel with clergy was in high demand. As we read in the book â€Å"Year of Wonders,† the local clergyman, Michael Mompellion, from the beginning of the book, because of his role of clergy, is always being asked for help. In the beginning of the book Anna has to work hard to keep Miss Bradford from bursting into the rectory to seek out the counsel of the Rector, Mompellion. Until the end of the book when we see Mompellion’s true colors show through, he does seem like a very good, level headed, leader for the community. Although his actual holiness may have been more of an act, due to some of his strange actions throughout the book; it seems that the village may not have made it through the plague without his leadership, both spiritual and actual. Michael Mompellion is the one who first suggests that the village must quarantine themselves to prevent the spread of the plague to other villages. He is the one who stands up to the wealthy Bradford family, warning them of the potential for spreading the plague if they leave the village. In this confrontation Mompellion is shown to have the best interests of not only the village, but others surrounding by stating â€Å"but think of those you are putting at risk†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (110). This is in stark contrast to Colonel Bradford whose family is looked up to in the village doesn’t take the responsibility of staying and setting an example for the rest of them. Colonel Bradford clearly states his main concern, â€Å"The colonel replied coldly. â€Å"I am merely doing what any man of means and sense must do: safeguarding what is mine. †(110). Mompellion is also shown to give tremendous spiritual leadership. Mompellion in his sermon to the village; embraces the plague, as a test from God. He implores the village to view the plague in the same way. Mompellion states that the plague has brought God nearer to the village than ever before, and perhaps as close as he will ever come in all of their lives. Mompellion tests their faith in God here, and even though most of the villagers stay, their behavior afterwards is less than holy. Throughout the book Anna and Elinor Mompellion tend to the needs of the villagers. The two help with births, and when villagers begin to fall ill, they tend to them until death; and Michael Mompellion tends to their spiritual needs. Michael Mompellion is never cast in the holiest of holies light from the beginning. In the first interaction we see him in he tells Miss Bradford to go to hell. Mompellion also takes advantage of vulnerable Anna towards the end of the book after his wife is murdered, and sleeps with her. Mompellion is seen taking advantage of his position in the community; even what relatively small power he does have, which is very small compared to the Catholic Church of the time. The Catholic Church played probably the biggest role in religion in the pre-modern age. At the head of this church was the Pope. In the Catholic Church the Pope acted as a king. Cardinals came second in the hierarchy. The power of the Catholic Church saturated the pre-modern day. Although Europe was still made up of many different countries, the Catholic Church essentially over powered the political will of any one country. The Pope especially had an almost unlimited power both politically and religiously. The role of the Pope was to act as an intermediary to God on earth. This led to the uneducated pre-modern people of the time to blindly follow most if not all commands that came from the Pope. In addition to having the power of a king, the Pope pursued power and wealth as if he were one. Over time the Catholic Church amassed land and wealth. The Pope was anything but holy by taking advantage of his perceived power of intermediary to God. The Catholic Church furthered their power over the pre-modern people by perpetuating a view of God as a brutal enforcer, who dealt out punishment for sin with very little mercy. The church emphasized fearing God. This kept the people obeying the rule of the church, and the Pope. This rule continued for the most part until the reformation. At this time large gothic cathedrals began to be built. These churches were very tall, with thick stone walls, and large stained glass windows. The cathedrals were designed to give the pre-modern people a sense of the presence of God inside, and a sense of the power and majesty of the Catholic Church by the sheer size on the outside. Religion played a major role in the lives of pre-modern people in Europe. For whatever reason it may have been; fear of the Catholic Church, or excommunication, a desire to fit in, or just plain old true belief. I believe it was a little bit of all of those factors. But the role of religion in pre-modern life did have several key functions for those clergy in power. It allowed them to be an inspiration to the people they overlooked. In the case of Michael Mompellion, he was the one who kept the cool head in the face of impending danger. That religious power was also easy to take advantage of, and led to the search for more wealth, land, and political power. By using the people’s belief that the Pope was really chosen by God as his voice on earth, the Catholic Church was able to hide behind their religious office, and make people think they were doing good, when in fact it was only a facade. Works Cited Vigne, Daniel, dir. Le Retour de Martin Guerre. 1982. Film. 11 Sep 2012. Brooks, Geraldine. Year of Wonders. New York: Viking Penguin, 2001. Print. Horten, Gerd. â€Å"Pre-Modern Age . † Concordia University, Portland. 9/5-14/2012. Lecture. How to cite Premodern Religion, Papers

Informal Assessment

Question: Provide an informal assessment of what you see as The Bridge House's Thrift Stores financial strengths and potential weaknesses to mitigate. Formulate questions for Ms. Bentwood, as needed, that would assist you in budget preparation. Answer: Finance Financial strengths and potential weakness in the financial statement of Bridge House Bridge House believes in supporting individuals and families in achieved healthy environment. From the balance sheet of Bridge House, it is easy to predict that it needs to acquire more assets in the near future. Strengths in the financial statements of Bridge House Owners as well as managers of Bridge House require financial statements in order to take the financial decisions affecting the continuous operations .It is recommended to the Executive Director of Bridge House that financial analysis will help in detailed understanding of relevant of figures (Clark and Baker). From the balance sheet, acquisition of more assets is required for smooth functioning of business activities. Inventory control measures will help in meeting the day-to-day running of business activities. The net profit of the firm is on the higher side around (190,000) which can be of great beneficial for the firm. The gross profit margin of the firm is also on the higher side, (200000/250000*100) = 80 percent.Similarly, Net profit margin is also on the higher side, which is positive for the firm. Management of Bridge should make use of financial statements and provide reliable information to the stockholders. In other words, it is advisable for the employees of Bridge to make use of financial statements for the purpose of collective bargaining agreements on an overall manner. It is advisable to the Executive Director that expenses should be reduced in comparison with generation of revenue for future purpose. Prospective Investors believes in using financial statements that will help in assessing the viability issues in the most appropriate manner Current ratio of the firm is on the higher side, (around 2.5:1), which is a good sign for the firm. Weakness in the financial statements of Bride House From the financial statements, it leads to misleading information on income and expense terms. In other words, financial statements fail to meet the objectives and mentioning the financial position on an overall manner. Bridge House fails to manage its liabilities and share capital in an efficient manner (Fields). This particular company lacks inventory allocation and changes in the financial position on an adverse manner. This particular company fails to provide reliable information to its stakeholders. It is advisable to consider the business and economic activities for future purpose. Another basic weakness of the firm is lack of equity and balance between equity and debt. Equity is higher than debt. Formulation of questions in assisting the budget preparation Preparation of budget should indulge in steps that will help Ms. Bentwood. It is advisable to prepare budget for Bridge House that will solve related issues for future purpose. Steps for budget preparation are as follows: Financial Managers of Bridge House should update the budget assumptions on matters relating the business environment (Horngren). Updation is done based upon the last budget preparation on an overall manner. It is necessary to review at the constraints for generation of further sales for the company for future business activities The next step is to avail best-suited funding options prevailing in the budget period. This will enhance limiting the future growth plans on an overall manner. It is essential to create the budget package because actual expenses cause future costing information in the most appropriate way (Northington). Issuing the budget package is necessary because it funds with the limitations factor prevailing in the business constraints on an overall manner. It is necessary to obtain the relevant departmental budgets in accordance with the master budget plan in an effective way. Reference List Clark, Richard, and David Baker.Finance. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011. Print. Fields, Edward.The Essentials Of Finance And Accounting For Nonfinancial Managers. New York: American Management Association, 2011. Print. Horngren, Charles T.Accounting. Toronto: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2011. Print. Northington, Suzanne.Finance. New York, NY: Ferguson's, 2011. Print. Appendix Income Statement Particulars Amount Sales 250000 Gross Profit 200000 Operating Profit 10000 Net Profit before Tax 190000 Tax 10000 Profit After Tax 180000 Balance Sheet Particulars Amount Capital 320000 Net profit 180000 Current Liabilities 100000 Total Liabilities 600000 Assets Current Assets 250000 Total Non-Current Assts 350000 Total Assets 600000

Thin Layer Chromatography Lab Report Sample

Thin Layer Chromatography Lab Report Paper Chromatography works on the principle that different impounds will have different solubility and adsorption to the two different phases between which are to be partitioned. Thin Layer Chromatography (TTL) is a solid-liquid technique. The mixture is observed when it is in two different phase; a solid (stationary phase) and a liquid (moving phase). Thin Layer Chromatography (TTL) is a technique which is sensitive, cheap and fast. A thin layer chromatograph plate is used to identify drug component under LIVE. It is used to support the identity of a compound in a mixture when the Roof a compound is compared with the RFC of a known compound. Results Sample I Distance between start line and spot I Distance between start line and front line I RFC I Aspirin | 3. 1 CM 3. CM | 0. 912 | Caffeine | 0. 7 CM | 3. 4 CM | 0. 206 | Unknown XSL)Unknown Component 12)Unknown Component 2 | 1)3. 1 cam)O. 7 cam 1)3. 4 cam)3. 4 CM | | RFC -distance traveled by the substance /distance traveled by the solvent front Discussion By examining the functional groups of the analgesic drug components, the relative strength of their polarities can be determined. For example, if a compound contains carboxylic acid, alcohol or amine functional groups, it should be very polar. If a compound contains ketene, allayed, ester, amide, or ether functional groups, it should be polar. Lastly, if a compound contains methyl or alkyl substituted functional groups, it should be non-polar. Thus, since caffeine has an amine and amide group, its relative polarity is the highest in comparison to the other three ingredients. By understanding the relative polarities of the analgesic drugs, one could determine how the compounds will behave during the TTL separation. The stationary phase, silica gel in this experiment, is more polar, causing more polar components of a mixture to be more attracted to it. We will write a custom essay sample on Thin Layer Chromatography Lab Report specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Thin Layer Chromatography Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Thin Layer Chromatography Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Thus, the more polar components will move more slowly and the less polar components will move faster on the TTL plates, having the highest RFC values. That is why in this particular experiment, caffeine, the most polar compound, has the smallest RFC value of 0. 206 ; aspirin which is less polar than caffeine, has RFC value of 0. 912. Conclusion In conclusion thin layer chromatography is a useful technique when trying to identify compounds and see how they separate. It is also a useful tool to see how polar or monopole a compound is. Overall the lab was very successful and the results that were found were solid.

Problem Analysis essays

Problem Analysis essays Our learning has decided to tackle an issue/problem at Tobey Mains place of employment, Talk America. Talk America is a local and long distance phone company that manages 98% of their net adds in-house on a yearly basis. The way the company grows its customer base in other words, is primarily supported by their outbound telemarketing and inbound telemarketing and Online sales efforts. The problem that we will be discussing is the impact employee turnover has on its business model and financial forecast provided to Wall-Street. On a monthly basis Talk America continually focuses on ways to stimulate employee commitment and retention, however, the nature of the telemarketing business is stressful. Dealing with rejection day in and day out can take its toll on any employee. The limited control an employee has on phone sales is easily recognized. The triggering effect that drive us to really dig into this problem comes from the lack of performance in the call centers over the past 2 months, which has triggered an even larger % of employee attrition. On a monthly basis the company can range anywhere from 35-60% attrition and over the past 2 months it has been on the higher side of that range. A key driver for the lack of performance and turnover revolves around the mix of states the company is currently marketing, which can change drastically month over month. If employees dial into a highly competitive state and performance is at its highest level than turnover goes to the lower side of the 25%-60% range. Critical thinking by all members of the organizations management team is crucial, and we are confident that our presentation will uncover some critical paths to success in conquering this problem. Thinking outside of the box for various ways to improve moral, appreciation and employee commitment is what our paper and presentation will focus on. The problem with employee attrition is something t...

Describe the causes, events, and consequences of the Salem Witch Essay

Describe the causes, events, and consequences of the Salem Witch Trials - Essay Example In truth the Salem witch trials involved accusations of witchcraft, which is essentially perceived as devil worship, by people against their neighbors, family members, and friends. There were no witches in Salem Massachusetts casting spells or harming people. In fact, in took very little to earn an accusation as a witch, but surviving such an accusation is a whole other story. The Salem Witch Trials represent the power of fear and false accusations that can consume an entire community until it turned itself inside out. The era of the Salem Witch Trials is a time period that would have been rather frightening to be living in. Salem Massachusetts in the late 1600s had been through a great deal of hardship. There was rampant disease, poor harvests, and a number of Indian attacks that was making people fearful and on edge all of the time. With all of this unpleasantness the atmosphere was ripe for some kind of violent outburst in response. It all began in 1692 in the home of Reverend Sam uel Parris. Whose daughter had begun having seizures or spasms, suffering delusions, and had fallen in to a strange trance-like state. It was the doctor that examined her that brought him the side effects of witchcraft as a cause. He suggested that Betty Parris was either a practitioner of the dark craft or a victim of it.1 All of the girls who were companions of Betty, Mary Warren and Abigail Williams, admitted that they had danced and carried on in the woods under the encouragement of Tituba, the Parris’s foreign servant. Soon enough all of the girls, including Tituba are accused of witchcraft; but to save themselves they confess and ask forgiveness. They begin behaving as if other witches and the devil, himself, were attempting to punish them and torment them because they no longer wished to serve the devil. Soon enough this group of girls began naming names of, mostly woman in the community who may be witches. The Courts were established to try those accused. From here it is important to mention that most people associate the events in the story of the Salem Witch Trials through the play the â€Å"The Crucible, â€Å"by Arthur Miller. However, his work changed certain elements for dramatic effect that strayed from the true history a bit. For example, Miller portrays Tituba as more of a slave of African descent. In truth, Tituba was an Indian from the island of Barbados. Another major plot in the â€Å"The Crucible† is the love affair between Abigail Williams and John Proctor, a respected citizen of Salem. It is Proctor’s spurning of Abigail’s attention that caused her to turn on him and accuse his wife of witchcraft. However, in reality, Abigail Williams was only 12 years old; there is no verifiable historical proof that there was any relationship at all between Abigail and John Proctor. This as part of the cause of the trials is only an invention of the theatre.2 However, there are 4 specific reasons that can be attributed to the cause of the Salem Witch Trials. â€Å"Religious hysteria† is one of these theories. The Puritans were a very devout sect, who believed fully that both God and the Devil can play interactive roles in the lives of mortal men. The idea that witchcraft and devil worship was rampant in their town would have been terrifying for many of the residents. Another theory suggests that it may have begun with a legitimate illness, but not one caused by the Devil. Rye poisoning was a possible culprit. The consumption of it acts like LSD on the system and could produce

Genre 7 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Genre 7 - Essay Example There are different types of biographies such as fictional bibliographies, authentic, bibliographies, autobiographies, picture book biographies, simplified biographies, compote biographies, partial biographies and collective biographies. The literally elements in the biographies are that they have written text patterns meaning they are written in chronological order, they are written as a story and biographies are written with predictable patterns. The main literacy concepts associated with biographies are factual, story, logical, aids and Authentic. One relevant award for this genre is the Robert F. Sibert Informational Medal, which is offered to the most distinguished informational book author. The award is relevant to this genre since it is aimed at rewarding authors that have written informational books, such as biographies, which are important in advancing the knowledge of children. The ward is in line the genre bibliography since it rewards the most distinguished authors who write books that have information about prominent and outstanding personalities in the society. The first advice to teachers when using the genre in a curriculum is that they should choose biographies that have a logical organization meaning bibliographies that have an interesting lifestyle that brings about curiosity to learners in the classroom, ones that have a clear and balanced view about the personality, use current and up-to-date bibliographies. Secondly, teachers use biographies in the curriculum by highlighting the main traits of successful people in the world with what learners can achieve. Teachers are cautioned against using books that have fictional characters to teach children about the genre bibliography. One of the books that fit the genre is a splash of Red, which explains the life, and art of Horace Pippin. The book provides a clear account of Horace Pippin’s life of art and

A Journal opinion article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 11

A Journal opinion article - Essay Example As compared to the same period last year, JP Morgan registered a reduction in bond trading revenue by 21%. Additionally, the bank revenue obtained from the mortgage reduced to 84%. Major aspect that caused the poor performance by the bank was due to uncertainties that surrounded the US economy as far as lending to consumers and trading volumes are concerned. Being one of the Wall Street banks to post the reduced earnings, JP Morgan indicates how the financial sector has been faced with difficulties in the first quarter of 2014. Additionally, majority of the businesses owned by the bank including the commercial lending and the credit cards indicated low profits. This resulted to reduced total revenue for the bank in the first quarter an aspect that may result in reduction of annual revenue if the trend of the low performance in the financial sector continues in the remaining quarters. According to the bank, the net income fell to $5.27 billion which is equivalent to $1.28 per share fo rm the $6.53bn, or $1.59 per share which was experienced in the same period in 2013. According to the analysts, the bank earning per share was expected to stand at $1.40 per share. However, this was not achieved due to the reduction in net revenue which experienced 8.5% fall to stand at $22.99bn while the bank expected total revenue to stand at $24.53billion. Similarly, in the premarket trading, JP shares reduced by 3.3% to sell at $55.50 deviating from $61 highest prices that the bank has maintained for the last 13 years. This is a major indicator of poor performance of the bank an aspect that may result to low level of trust from the customers as well as investors. Despite the low performance by the JP Morgan, Jamie Dimon, the chief executive officer indicates that the largest bank in US is creating confidence in the country’s economy. As the result of

English Literature Essays The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald.

English Literature Essays The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald. The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald. The Great Gatsby has become such a classic of American fiction that its literary merits easily obscure those qualities that also made it a favorite among readers. While critics have been quick to dismiss its thin plot and shallow characters as less important than Fitzgeralds brilliant depiction of the Jazz Age and his indictment of its shabby values, most readers take a different view. They praise the book because its plot is thin and its characters are shallow. These readers believe that this is precisely Fitzgeralds point, that the age itself could do no better than to produce shallow people living superficial lives. Academic critics speculated about the probable causes of this phenomenon, attributing it to the disillusionment brought on by World War I and the extreme measures taken to escape it. The aftermath of the war had brought, â€Å"a state of nervous stimulation†¦the generation which had been adolescent during the confusion of the War had now produced†¦ a whole r ace going hedonistic, deciding on pleasure†¦wherefore eat, drink, and be merry, for tomorrow we die.† Readers saw a culture wallowing in hedonism, high on jazz and bathtub gin, and living life as if it were one long party and there was no tomorrow. More importantly, they saw the heroic and sympathetic figure of Nick Carraway, the outside observer, whose function it was to observe and report on the American Dream within Fitzgerald’s novel. In The Great Gatsby, Fitzgeralds Nick Carraway becomes the outside observer that readers come to identify with. Nick has the sort of blessed innocence and shining ambition associated with heroes. There is a freshness about him, a basic goodness that appeals to that part of human nature that envies or craves or is irresistibly attracted to innocence. Beyond that, however, is the fact that, in the tradition of the hero, Nick goes forth into the world to encounter corruption and disillusionment and has to come to terms with this in reality. It is through Nick that we see the American Dream, as epitomized by Jay Gatsby, come crumbling down under the amoral pursuit of wealth. We, also, get a glimpse of the roles of class in distinguishing between the wealthy East and West Egg socialites, as well as, the stark contrast between two wealthy but different men, Jay Gatsby and Tom Buchanan. The following paragraphs will attempt to examine and analyze these issues more carefully as seen through the eyes of Nick Carraway. It is Nicks idealization of Jay Gatsby and his dreams that endear him to the minds of the readers. Gatsby on his own is not an easy character for readers to sympathize with without the special insight of the young and sympathetic Nick. If Nick can see the good in Gatsby, then the reader can dismiss the corrupt side as Gatsbys victimization by the system and dwell on the charming side, that side made all the more intriguing by the mystery surrounding this handsome, rich, and devastatingly detached personality. As Nick says of Gatsby, â€Å"His dream must have seemed so close that he could hardly fail to grasp it. He did not know that it was already behind him somewhere back in that vast obscurity beyond the city.† Perhaps the best way to grasp the perspective of the American Dream in the twenties is to imagine Gatsby standing alone in the second-story bedroom of his gorgeous mansion in West Egg, looking out at the pool and the tent and the lavish party going on, at his expense, beneath his window; listening to the jazz band playing, seeing the shadows of the flappers against the sides of the tent, quietly watchingaloof, detached, amused, and powerful. This illumination of what the American Dream had become was seen by many as the new idealism that, â€Å"Prosperity in the twenties had come to mean a rate of advance rather than an actual state of affairs†¦more and more Americans were inclined to explain their society in terms of productivity, profits and stock quotes.† Not Gatsby, however. In recounting Gatsby’s dream, Nick remembers vividly coming home and seeing Gatsby standing in front of his mansion, looking intently at East Egg across the bay. His American Dream extended just across the bay and always seemingly beyond his reach, wrapped up in the beautiful idea of Daisy Buchanan. Daisy Buchanan was Nicks cousin, a lovely, exciting, but shallow young woman who once had an affair with Gatsby before the war. While Gatsby was away in the war, she married Tom Buchanan. He was a handsome, wealthy man, but cruel and insensitive. Gatsby wanted Daisy back and thought that his wealth, accumulated through shady transactions, would make Daisy admire him, but he overestimated her and underestimated himself. Unfortunately for Gatsby, the American Dream was only possible through materialism as the Roaring Twenties saw, â€Å"Americans easily assumed that spiritual satisfaction would automatically accompany material success.† Gatsby made the mistake of thinking this way, as well. He felt that by accumulating worldly possessions he could win Daisy back and give her the life she had dreamed of. At one point, Gatsby goes so far as to show her all his valuable belongings, throwing shirts into the air, â€Å"shirts with stripes and scrolls and plaids in coral and apple gr een and lavender and faint orange.† Daisy, crying at this point to indicate the materialistic values that had consumed America, exclaims, â€Å"It makes me sad because I‘ve never seen-such beautiful shirts before.† This remarkable scene represents the whole embodiment of what the twenties era had become. It was characterized as an age of excess, overindulgence, consumerism, materialism, and individualism. It was Gatsby’s dream of Daisy Buchanan that would eventually lead him from poverty to riches and finally to his death as his amoral pursuit of wealth would give rise to the shattering of his American Dream. In one sense Gatsby is the manifestation of a new prosperous society. His mysterious past and opportunistic illusions of a dream work to his favor in the new era of prosperity and abundance. Daisy is Gatsbys one dream, and the reason he bought his house and gives his parties is to get her back. Gatsby becomes overly obsessed with Daisy as symbolic of his aspirations and dreams. This points to how unrealistic in his expectations he had become as he begins to live in a sort of fantasy world. Fitzgerald emphasizes this well when he states, â€Å"There must have been moments even that afternoon when Daisy tumbled short of his dreams- not through her own fault but because of the colossal vitality of his illusion. It had gone beyond her, beyond everything.† He persuades Nick to bring him and Daisy together again, but he is unable to win her away from Tom. Nick can see this, but he is powerless to stop the chain of events that, for all their melodrama, seem necessary to act out the d enouement of shallow lives lived recklessly, of shallow dreams shattered pointlessly. Nick tries to convince Gatsby that his dreams are unrealistic because the past cannot be repeated, but Gatsby’s reply of, â€Å"Can’t repeat the past? Why of course you can,† serves to illustrate the illusion of a dream Gatsby is trying desperately to hold on to. In the end, however, it all comes crumbling down as Daisy, driving Gatsbys car, runs over and kills Toms mistress, Myrtle, unaware of her identity. Myrtles husband traces the car back to Gatsby and shoots him, who has remained silent in order to protect Daisy. Gatsbys friends and associates have all deserted him becoming symbolic of the superficial lives of the times and the desertion of a dream, as only Gatsbys father and one former guest attend the funeral with Nick to see an American Dream laid to rest. Everything that has happened seems surreal to Nick and almost pointless as he recalls, â€Å"everything that happened has a dim hazy cast over it.† Fitzgerald points out through Nick that whether Gatsby had died or not his dreams still would have been murdered, nonetheless. Though Gatsby took the time to reinvent himself and acquire enough money (though illegally) to be considered wealthy, he would still never have been accepted into the inner circles of the East Eggers and the Buchanans. What Fitzgerald has done in his book is to add the idea of class to the idea of materialism and the American Dream. He divided these into distinct groups- old money, new money, and the poor. Paul Fussell, in his book on social classes reports that, â€Å"Economically there are only two classes, the rich and the poor, but socially there is a whole hierarchy of classes.† Fitzgerald edifies this by making basically the rich and poor classes, as well, with the only distinction being socially between the wealthy and how they accumulated their money. This distinction would set apart the â€Å"old money† of East Egg luxury and the  "new money† of the West Eggers who had recently acquired their riches through the prosperity of the times. The kind of class that Fitzgerald attributes to Nick Carraway and his family is neither of these. Fitzgerald suggests that Nick descends from the great American cultural component that had its origin in its ideal of a comfortable, cultivated, stable existence, drawing sustenance, generation after generation, from a family business, and living out its generations in the same spacious but unostentatious house. Midwestern idealism then is the hard solid moral core of America, and it produces a Nick Carraway, whose virtues are tolerance and honesty. These are precisely the two virtues that Fitzgerald needs in his hero: the tolerance to become involved with Tom, Daisy, and Gatsby, all of whom he mistrusts in varying degrees but the honesty never to be deceived by them and, more importantly, never to be corrupted by them. Opposed to this specific virtuous Middle West is a rather indefinite degenerate East, although it is particularized in the one small section in which most of the novel takes place: West Egg and East Egg, New York City, and the axis-the valley of ashes, Wilsons garage, and the great staring signboard eyes of Dr. T. J. Eckleburg that connects them all. Both Eggs represent corruption, but it is a corruption of different orders, connected with inherited wealth on the one hand and with occupation on the other. East Egg is the home of inherited wealth, whose deeply tainted characters Fitzgerald manages to suggest in Tom and Daisy Buchanan. It is in this community that Tom, as if by instinct, settled, and when asked by Nick if he intends to stay in the East, he replies, in his best bit of self-analysis in the book, â€Å"Id be a God damned fool to live anywhere else. West Egg is populated by nouveau riche, all of whom have acquired their gains in shady or marginal activities: politicians, moving picture people, fight promoters, gamblers, and bootleggers. Farther reaches of Long Island, beyond the Eggs, are briefly suggested in the same manner. According to Nick, the Easterner inherits his money, while the Westerner works for his, but the West Eggers earn their money by gambling or bootlegging. If the essence of Nick Carraway, the essence of the East is summed up in the respective characters of those two expatriates, Tom and Daisy, who between them in his intolerance and her dishonesty. In Daisy further is embodied the beauty of the East, Tom the power, and in their union a vast irresponsibility that smashes the dream of Gatsby and finally murders the dreamer himself. Tom Buchanan then is power and intolerance, Daisy beauty and dishonesty. His financial power is mountainous, and his physique corresponds: you could see a great pack of muscle shifting when his shoulder moved under his coat. It was a body capable of enormom leverage a cruel body. But this power, financial and physical, does not extend to his mind, whose powerful limitations are compensated for by a thick-skulled inflexibility. For while a libertine in action, he is in opinion a prig, faintly nourished by the thinnest pap that twentieth-century knowledge has produced, popular scientific explanations. This powerful stupidity has as its soul mate the beauty and dishonesty of Daisy. Both these characteristics of the feminine side of the equation are repeated, reemphasized, and exaggerated But money for Gatsby is a kind of metaphysical mystery as well, and certainly it is a synonym for beauty. It was the mysterious beauty of Daisy and her life that cast the original spell. Jay Gatsby may be a bootlegger and a fraud, but he is only defrauding a system that is a bigger fraud, a system that advocates a farce like prohibition, that adores glittering surfaces, that cares only for the trappings of success and not for how the gains were got. But in the American tradition of trying to have your cake and eat it too, cult readers get to envy Gatsby while respecting Nick. Nick has his head on straight; Nick learns from what he sees; Nick acquires wisdom from his experiences and thus tells us a cautionary tale. Ah, but for one brief, shining moment, Gatsby illuminates the sky, and if his death is all a silly mistake, its sordidness is redeemed by his nobility. He dies, after all, for love, but it is a love that is unrequited. The success behind Jay Gatsby according him was Rise from bed. . . . Study electricity. . . . Work. . . . Practice elocution, poise and how to attain it. . . . Study needed inventions. West vs east Bibliography F. Scott Fitzgerald, the Great Gatsby. Publisher: Scribner (1995) Jack Clayton directed movie, The Great Gatsby. (1974) John Braeman, Change and Continuity in Twentieth Century America: The 1920S. Ohio State University Press (1968). Harold Bloom, Gatsby. Publisher: Chelsea House Publishers. Place of Publication: New York. (1991). Loren Baritz, The Good Life: The Meaning of Success for the American Middle Class. Perennial Library (1989).

The Influence of the FLN on De Gaulle and Algerias Independence Essay

The Influence of the FLN on De Gaulle and Algeria's Independence In 1957, French Forces were able to militarily defeat and temporarily subdue FLN. However, to the surprise of the whole world, French President Charles De Gaulle opted for a political solution and announced independence for the Algerians in 1962. To what extent did the activities of FLN influence De Gaulle and what other factors can be identified which led to his surprising decision to grant independence to Algeria? Introduction 1. The Algerian War of Independence (1954–62) was a period of guerrilla strikes, maquis fighting, terrorism against civilians on both sides, and riots between the French army and colonists in Algeria and the FLN (Front de Libà ©ration Nationale) and other pro-independence Algerians. Although the French government of the time considered all Algerian violence, including violence against the French military, to be crimes or terrorism, some French people, such as former anti-Nazi guerrilla and lawyer(Jacques Verges) have compared French resistance to Nazi German occupation to Algerian resistance to French occupation. 2. The struggle was touched off by the FLN in 1954, only two years before France was forced to give up its control over Tunisia and Morocco. The FLN's main Algerian rival — with the same goal of Algerian independence — was the later National Algerian Movement (Mouvement National Algà ©rien, MNA) whose main supporters were Algerian workers in France. The FLN and MNA fought against each other in France, and sometimes in Algeria, for nearly the full duration of the conflict. 3. Algeria was the greatest and in many ways the archetype of all anti-colonial wars. In the 19th century the Europeans won colonial wars because the indigenous peoples had lost the will to resist. In the 20th century the roles were reversed, and it was Europe which lost the will to hang on to its gains. Algeria was a classic case of this reversal. 4. In 1830 Algeria became a French territory and in 1848 was made a dà ©partement attached to France . During this period political and economic power were held mainly by the minority of white settlers, and the indigenous Moslem minority did not have equal rights. Moslems were killed before independence was declared on July 5, 1962. Later that year the Algerian provisional government transferred authority to the Poli... ...ely compelled French authorities to announce independence for the Algerian people. This war of independence passed through many ups and downs and millions of innocent people suffered badly but the ultimate will of the people found its way to the final success. Movement of such nature should always remain a source of inspiration and motivation for the deprived and suppressed people of the world. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Books Alistair Horne; A Savage War Of Peace, Algeria 1954 – 1962, Macmillan London Limited, London. Tania Matthews; War in Algeria: Background for Crisis, Fordham University Press. Dorothy Pickles; Algeria and France: From Colonialism to Cooperation, Methuen and co.ltd. 2. Internet a. www.crimesofwar.org/thebook/algeria.html b. encarta.msn.com/Algerian_War_of_Independence.html c. www.usfca.edu/fac-staff/webberm/algeria d. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algerian_War e. http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/encyclopedia/A/Al/ Algerian_War_of_Independence.htm f. www.free-definition.com/Algerian-War-of-Independence.html g. www.country-studies.com/algeria/political-movements.html h. http://www.sahara-overland.com/routes

“Maid in Manhattan” Film Analysis Essay

Think its safe to say that everyone going to see J.Lo’s latest release, â€Å"Maid in Manhattan†, pretty much knows what to expect: Single, working-class mom from the Bronx gets mixed up in Cinderella circumstances with charming (even prince-like) politician. Dressed up in someone else’s wardrobe, at first he takes her for a princess, but loves her anyway when the time comes to rescue her from her drudgery. As fluffy and formulaic as it is, sometimes this is all we ladies want—a romantic little fairy-tale to share with our girlfriends or the husband who owes us for sitting through the latest Steven Segal debacle. Unfortunately, as much as I wanted to enjoy this movie under said criteria, the story line was just too 1950s for me to take seriously. Don’t get me wrong, I firmly believe that a good Cinderella story, ala â€Å"Working Girl† and â€Å"Pretty Woman† (both of which this film is being compared to), can always be updated for a n ew audience. But the operative word here is update, something screenwriter Kevin Wade doesn’t bother with at all. Jennifer Lopez plays Marisa Ventura, a maid in a ritzy New York hotel who dreams of management, but fears her ethnic background will keep her from ever realizing her ambitions. Ralph Fiennes is the Republican Senatorial candidate who must overcome the prejudices of his campaign manager (Stanley Tucci) to win his blue-collar dream girl. Honestly, this reliance on ethnicity as both a professional and personal obstacle for Marisa comes off not only as lazy, but also inappropriate for today’s political and romantic world. It seems to me that if a woman as smart as Marisa were passed over simply because of her race or housekeeping status, she would certainly know who to contact in the HR department to file a complaint. Similarly, if Fiennes’s campaign manager really can’t see what a political boon it would be for a Republican to fall for a struggling, single mom , then he needs to be fired and immediately sent back to whatever publicity playpen he toddled out of. Anyone with even the least bit of political savvy would surely know how to spin such a situation into a PR goldmine. These may not be issues that would trouble everyone, but for me, this silly, outdated plot translated to an hour and a half of almost straight boredom (pretty clothes and Harry Winston jewels not withstanding). Also, while both Lopez and Fiennes turn in adequate performances, very few sparks build between them,  so, of course, the obligatory sex scene is thrown in to convince us they really are falling in love. It goes without saying this is not the kind of lie our teenagers once again need reinforced to them. So moms, if you do take a Christmas shopping break with your daughters to see this one, I would make sure to point out how drastically this worldly version of love differs from our Christian one. For a far more entertaining afternoon out, you might consider â€Å"Sweet Home Alabama†. It too has some moral problems with its endorsement of homosexuality, but the main characters’ relationship relies on a much deeper foundation, and Reese Witherspoon experiences some growing pains that could provide good lessons for young women. Overall, â€Å"Maid in Manhattan† is simply your average, run of the mill romantic comedy, with very little to make it more than a renter on a slow Saturday night.

Free Essays on Huck Finn Facets Of Lies

The Many Facets of Lies In Mark Twain’s novel, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Huck begins by stating that he â€Å"never seen anybody but lied, one time or another† (Twain 13). By stating this, Huck is implying that he himself also lies. However, in Huck’s life, there are several different facets of lying. There are ‘stretching the truth’ lies, lies made out of ignorance or misunderstandings, lies made for survival, and malicious lies designed to harm people. Mark Twain once stated that â€Å"Truth is more of a stranger than fiction† (Notebook 1898). To Huck Finn, this is the way that he lives his life. His best friend, Tom Sawyer is an example of someone who stretches the truth. Tom does this to create excitement in his life and live out the romantic novels of adventure that he reads. Tom leads his friends in creating a gang of robbers. When they first form their club, the boys â€Å"take an oath, and write their names in blood† (Twain 20). The entire point of the gang is to ransom people and kill all but women and children (Twain 21). This gang fulfills Tom’s fantasies of adventure and wild times without his family holding him down it is an escape from civilization. Jim is another character in Twain’s novel that habitually stretches the truth to build him up. Jim’s lies are harmless though and are only done for his own amusement or gratification. When the gang of boys plays a joke on Jim in the beginning of the novel, Tom â€Å"slipped Jim’s hat off of his head and hung it on a limb† above Jim’s head (Twain 19). When Jim wakes up in the woods, he is convinced that witches enchanted him and â€Å"rode him all over the State;† however, as Jim continues to tell the story to more people, he exaggerates it to build it up in impressiveness and thus build his own importance (Twain 19). By the time that Jim has told most everyone about the witches, he claims to have been ridden â€Å"all over the world, and t... Free Essays on Huck Finn Facets Of Lies Free Essays on Huck Finn Facets Of Lies The Many Facets of Lies In Mark Twain’s novel, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Huck begins by stating that he â€Å"never seen anybody but lied, one time or another† (Twain 13). By stating this, Huck is implying that he himself also lies. However, in Huck’s life, there are several different facets of lying. There are ‘stretching the truth’ lies, lies made out of ignorance or misunderstandings, lies made for survival, and malicious lies designed to harm people. Mark Twain once stated that â€Å"Truth is more of a stranger than fiction† (Notebook 1898). To Huck Finn, this is the way that he lives his life. His best friend, Tom Sawyer is an example of someone who stretches the truth. Tom does this to create excitement in his life and live out the romantic novels of adventure that he reads. Tom leads his friends in creating a gang of robbers. When they first form their club, the boys â€Å"take an oath, and write their names in blood† (Twain 20). The entire point of the gang is to ransom people and kill all but women and children (Twain 21). This gang fulfills Tom’s fantasies of adventure and wild times without his family holding him down it is an escape from civilization. Jim is another character in Twain’s novel that habitually stretches the truth to build him up. Jim’s lies are harmless though and are only done for his own amusement or gratification. When the gang of boys plays a joke on Jim in the beginning of the novel, Tom â€Å"slipped Jim’s hat off of his head and hung it on a limb† above Jim’s head (Twain 19). When Jim wakes up in the woods, he is convinced that witches enchanted him and â€Å"rode him all over the State;† however, as Jim continues to tell the story to more people, he exaggerates it to build it up in impressiveness and thus build his own importance (Twain 19). By the time that Jim has told most everyone about the witches, he claims to have been ridden â€Å"all over the world, and t...

Free Essays on Deborah Oropallo

â€Å"WELCOME.† In this painting, Oropallo’s used many implied lines to create the containers. We can actually see where the orange is touchin... Free Essays on Deborah Oropallo Free Essays on Deborah Oropallo Deborah Oropallo was born in Hackensack, New Jersey. According to the San Jose Museum of Art, Oropallo â€Å"received her B.F.A. from Alfred University in New York State, and her M.A. and M.F.A. from the University of California, Berkeley.† She now reside in Berkeley, California where she spends her days painting mundane object which slowly creating a striking image of poetic importance. She uses daily object such as ropes, tires, and doormats and transformed them into paintings where viewers can interpret a different meaning. In her most recent paintings, Oropallo’s uses the technique of digital photography and Iris prints. According to the LGI Digital & Fine Art Printing, â€Å"Iris Printing offer richness, detail and depth that clearly set them apart from traditional offset lithography.† Her paintings may seem far from sensuous paintings of other artist, yet the vibrant colors and suggestive overlays provide these objects visually dominant in a special way. Wh en she discovered this new way of art, she continue to discover the hidden beauty that lay in the objects that surround us in our daily life. She uses objects that are from our industrial surroundings to provide us with messages that she sees within our economy. She used object such as railroad tracks, flour packages, stacks of cinder blocks, buckets, pipes, and other large industrial containers that we customarily ignore, to enhance our knowledge of what is going on in our economy. In a painting by Oropallo entitled â€Å"Oversize, 2001† made with Iris Print from oil on a larger than life canvas, she utilized large containers in our industry and paints to come up with a message to everybody. We can see at the far left hand corner, the container is labeled as hazardous materials, but in front of the whole paintings, she places the words â€Å"WELCOME.† In this painting, Oropallo’s used many implied lines to create the containers. We can actually see where the orange is touchin...

The Importance of Utilizing the Large Databases or Other IT Resources Essay

The Importance of Utilizing the Large Databases or Other IT Resources So As To Introduce New Types of Strategies - Essay Example The researcher states that now a day, existence is the essential requirement of an organization because of a competitive business environment around the globe. Along with this, enhancement of profitability is also important for the improvement of the organization in long run. So, most of the members of the management team desire to analyze the market situations and changing scenario, prior introducing or formulating the strategies of the organization. This is because strategies act as a positive source or ideas essential for the sustainability of the organization. However, it might be effective only if appropriate information or strategies are implemented within the organization. Otherwise, it might become an utter failure for the organization in terms of profit margin as well as brand value. If the strategies implemented or formulated are not as per the requirements, then it might lead to negative impacts. The brand image and reputation of the organization might reduce and resulting downfall of the reliability and trust of the brand within the minds of the customers. If the customers switch over to other rival brands, then the brand may never sustain in the market for a long time in the market. So, it is extremely imperative that the organization might attain or formulate accurate information to continue its supremacy or competitiveness. In this recent age, the most imperative process to formulate accurate strategies or information is by analyzing the databases. This is because it offers the highly reliable form of data and information that might facilitate for the betterment of the organization. Along with this, it might facilitate the enhancement of the value of the market shares leading to amplification of its profitability and market share. Along with this, if the profit margin increases, then more and more workers or employees might get engaged in the operations of the organizations thereby improving the rate of productivity.

Mina Shum's Double happiness Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Mina Shum's Double happiness - Movie Review Example Because she fears being disowned and hurting her family, while she manages to land a few bit parts on camera, Jade spends most of her time working in the shop owned by a family friend, performing the duties of a respectful daughter and suffering through arranged dates with prosperous young Chinese men. When her family decides she's old enough to be committed to a man, the matchmaking (which is Chinese tradition) begins and Jade is set up with Andrew. Andrew is a successful and handsome Chinese lawyer. The tradition in Chinese families is that the father, whom is the revered head of household, sanctions a match. Once he has sanctioned the match the daughter must obey or she runs the risk of being ostracized by her family and brings shame to them. Ultimately, she is running the risk of being disowned. When her father's childhood friend arrives for a visit, however, Jade must juggle her competing identities even more carefully than usual, lest her choice of professions -- and boyfriends -- shame her father. The problem for Jade is that she can hardly imagine being married without being in love with the man she marries. Jade watches her best friend and others experience romance. It is something that she is supposed to act out, but she has never been able to experience.

Cell biology Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Cell biology - Research Paper Example The study of cells using microscopes can either be through transmission electron microscopy, fluorescence microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, confocal microscopy and optical microscopy (Lodish, 411). There are a number of techniques that are commonly used in cell biology. Immunohistochemisty/ immunostaining is a useful histological technique that locates (tags) proteins in tissues and cells through fluorescence microscopy (towards various desired goals). Another common technique, cell culture, is used to grow cells under special conditions in the lab, outside a living organism while gene knock down is a method used to elicit mutation in a selected gene. Computational genomics identifies certain patterns in genomic data as DNA microarrays are essential in noting variations in transcript levels of various experimental circumstances. The method of PCR indicates the number of gene copies found in the cell and the process of transfection introduces into a cell an entirely new gene. To discover which cells are expressing a certain transcript of RNA, cell biologists use in situ hybridization. During cell biology, purification of cells can be accomplished using techniques such as flow c ytometry, cell fractionation, immunoprecipitation, and so on (Pollard and William, 418). Some of the processes of the cell commonly studied by cell biologists include active and passive transport, adhesion, cell movement, DNA repair (cell death and senescence), gene expression, metabolism, cell signaling, division and autophagy. Knowledge of cell biology is useful in fields such as cancer research and other disciplines like genetics, microbiology, immunology, molecular biology, developmental biology, biochemistry, anatomy, biostatistics, ecology, epidemiology, histology, mycology, reproductive biology, toxicology, virology, bacteriology, and so on (Pollard and William,

Diversity Worksheet Essay Example for Free

Diversity Worksheet Essay 1. What is diversity? Why is diversity valued? Diversity means different. This can be a difference in cultures, goals, values, lifestyles, and ideas. There is not two people that will think or live alike. We need to learn to accept that others will do things and think different then we do. It is important to value our diversity in order to be able to work together. 2. What is ethnocentrism? In what ways can ethnocentrism be detrimental to a society? Ethnocentrism is where people believe that they are better than others in an ethnic group, but it can also develop from racial or religious differences. This can cause problem by leading to false opinions about different cultures, maybe causing communication problems. 3. Define emigration and immigration. Emigration is where people are exported from a country whether it is voluntary or not. Immigration is where people are coming into a new country to live as a permanent resident. Reasons that people might leave a country for one to another is that there may not be jobs there and even war can make people want to leave. 4. What are some of the ways groups of people are identified? There are four ways that groups are identified and they are race, religion, gender, and ethnicity. Racial group refers to minorities that are socially set apart because of obvious physical differences. Some examples would be the color of skin, the color of hair and maybe even the amount hair on the body. Religion groups vary worldwide. People should not be judged on the religion that they believe in. With gender it is said that males are the social majority and the women are the social minority. Ethnic groups are different because of the way cultural differences such as the food that they eat, the way that they raise their children, the language that they speak ,and even the way that they look at being married to somebody. 5. Why do people label and group other people? I would think that the reasons why people put others down would be that they want to make themselves look better and feel better about themselves. This can have a positive or negative effect on the person and the one that it is directed at. If it is positive it can help lead to the person or the group getting more confidence. If it is negative then it can lead to the group or individual becoming withdrawn from shame or bullying. 6. Define culture. Is culture limited to racial and ethnic backgrounds? Explain. The definition of culture is the characteristics of a certain group of people defined by everything such as the language they speak, the types of music that they listen to, the type of food that they eat, and the religion that they practice and believe in. I do not believe that it is limited to racial and ethnic backgrounds because every group is different in the way that they live and there is not right way or wrong way to live.

A Central Processing Unit

A Central Processing Unit A central processing unit, also known as central processor unit, is the hardware inside a computer system that process instructions of a computer program by performing the simple arithmetical, logical, and input/output (I/O) operations of the system. The term has been utilized in the computer industry about since the early 1960s. The concept, design, and implementation of CPUs have altered over the period of its history, but the foundation of its operation is still un-change. On big machines, CPUs need at least one printed circuit boards. For the personal computers and small workstations, the CPU is installed into one silicon chip called a microprocessor. In the 1970s the microprocessor type of CPUs had nearly fully implement all other CPU implementations. Modern CPUs are in big scale integrated circuits in packages usually smaller than four centimeters square, with hundreds of connecting pins. Two usual things of a CPU are the arithmetic logic unit (ALU), which process arithmetic an d logical operations, and the control unit (CU), which extracts instructions from memory and decodes then executes them, calling on the ALU when needed. Not every computational systems depend on a central processing unit. An array processor or vector processor has many parallel computing elements, with no unit to be known the center. For the distributed computing model, issues are corrected by a distributed interconnected set of processors. (Himes, A. 2012) Answer for question 1 Computers such as the ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer) need to be physically rewired to carry different operations, that results these machines to be known as fixed-program computers. Since the word CPU is basically known as a device for software (computer program) execution, the very first devices that could rightly be known as CPUs came with the arrival of the stored-program computer. The concept of a stored-program computer was already existed in the design of J. Presper Eckert and John William Mauchlys ENIAC, but was not included in the beginning so that it could be complete faster. On June 30, 1945, before ENIAC was created, mathematician John von Neumann distributed the paper called First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer). It was the plan of a stored-program computer that should be finished in August 1949. EDVAC was made to carry out some amount of instructions (or operations) of various types. The instructions can be combined to make useful programs for the EDVAC to work. The programs made for EDVAC were saved in high-speed computer memory instead of specified by the physical wiring of the computer. This settle the problem of a serious limitation of ENIAC, which was the cquite an amount of time and effort needed to reconfigure the computer to carry out a new task. Using the von Neumanns implementation, the progra m, or software, that EDVAC perform could be modified easily by changing the contents of the memory. (Himes, A. 2012) Every of the computer designs of the beginning of year 1950s was a unique design. There were no upward-compatible devices or computer architectures with numerous, varying implementations. Programs designed for a machine might not function on another kind, even other kinds from the similar company. This was not a great drawback at that time due to there was not a huge body of software made to work on computers, so starting programming from the beginning was not a serious issue. The design flexibility of the time was very crucial, for designers were very restrictive by the cost of electronics, yet just started to discover about how a computer could best be organized. Certain fundamental features implemented during this time like the index registers (on the Ferranti Mark 1), a return-address storing instruction (UNIVAC I), immediate operands (IBM 704), and the detection of invalid operations (IBM 650). (http://www.inetdaemon.com/tutorials/computers/hardware/cpu/ 2012) By the late of the year 1950s commercial builders had made factory-constructed, truck-deliverable computers. The most well known installed computer was the IBM 650, which used drum memory into the programs that were loaded using either paper tape or punched cards. Certain very high-end machines also utilize core memory which results in higher speeds. Hard disks were also start to become more widely use. (http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/C/CPU.html 1970) A computer is an automatic abacus. The type of number system will result the way it operates. In the early 1950s majority computers were made for specific numerical processing operations, and many machines utilized decimal numbers as their basic number system. That is the mathematical functions of the machines laboured in base-10 instead of base-2 as is general today. These were not solely binary coded decimal. Most machines usually had ten vacuum tubes per digit in each register. (Himes, A. 2012) At the end of year 1970, main computer languages were not able to standardize their numeric behavior due to decimal computers had groups of users too big to alienate. Even when designers utilize the binary system, they still had many strange ideas. Some used sign-magnitude arithmetic (-1 = 10001), or ones complement (-1 = 11110), instead of modern twos complement arithmetic (-1 = 11111). Majority computers used 6-bit character sets, due to they moderately encoded Hollerith cards. It was a serious revelation to designers of this period to be aware that the data word should be a multiple of the character size. They started to make computers with 12, 24 and 36 bit data words. (RMI Media Productions. 1979) As opposed to contemporary CPUs which was from the year 1990 until today, the design and growth of the CPU has new execution and levels which makes modern CPU more quicker, small and efficient in comparison to the early designs of CPU. One of the implementation is multi-threading. Present designs perform best when the computer is operating only an application, however almost every current operating-system permit the user to perform several applications at the exact time. For the CPU to alter over and do task on another program needs costly context switching. In comparison, multi-threaded CPUs can manage instructions from several applications at once. To do this, this kind of CPUs involve numerous sets of registers. When a context switch takes place, the contents of the working registers are merely duplicated into one of a set of registers for this intent. This kind of designs usually involve thousands of registers rather than hundreds as in a typical design. On the disadvantage, registers are likely to be somewhat costly in chip space required to implement them. This chip space could otherwise be utilized for some other function. Second implementation is multi-core. Multi-core CPUs are commonly multiple CPU cores on the similar die, linked to each other through a shared L2 or L3 cache, an on-die bus, or an on-die crossbar switch. Every of the CPU cores on the die share interconnect components with which to interface to the other processors and the rest of the system. These components might consist of a front side bus interface, a memory controller to interface with DRAM, a cache coherent connected to other processors, and a non-c oherent connected to the southbridge and I/O devices. The words multi-core and MPU (which is Micro-Processor Unit) have come into common usage for an individual die that consists of multiple CPU cores. Thirdly is very long instruction word(VLIW) and Explicitly Parallel Instruction Computing (EPIC). VLIW relates to a processor architecture made to utilize the advantage of instruction level parallelism (ILP). Whilst conventional processors typically only permit programs that specify instructions to be carried out one after another, a VLIW processor permit programs that can clearly specify instructions to be performed at the exact time (i.e. in parallel). This kind of processor architecture is meant to enable higher performance without the inherent sophistication of some other ways. Intels Itanium chip is based on what they call an EPIC design. This design supposedly offers the VLIW benefit of enhanced instruction throughput. Nevertheless, it prevents some of the problems of scaling an d complexity, by clearly giving in each bundle of instructions information concerning their dependencies. This information is calculated by the compiler, as it would be in a VLIW design. The initial versions are also backward-compatible with existing x86 software by means of an on-chip emulation mode. Integer performance was not good and regardless of enhancements, sales in volume markets continue to be low. One of the earliest CPU was the UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic Computer I) in the year 1951 and the speed of this CPU was 0.0008 IPS (Instructions per second). As in year 2011, one of the fastest personal computer CPUs was the Intel Core i7 Extreme Edition 3960X which has a staggering speed of 53.3 IPS. Compared to the early CPU like the UNIVAC I, the latest CPU is at least sixty-six times faster. (Mostafa, E. and Hesham. 2005) Conclusion for question 1 Central processing unit (CPU) is a very important component in a computer because it process instructions of a computer program by performing the simple arithmetical, logical, and input/output (I/O) operations of the system. That is why CPU also known as the brain of the computer. The CPU has rich in history since the year 1945 before the CPU term had been use and the design and implementation of the CPU had improved tremendously over the years, thus, becoming more powerful and efficient. CPU had been used in various type of computers, from personal computer to super computer. Introduction for question 2 Speaking of computer architecture, a bus is a subsystem that moves data among elements within a computer, or between computers. Initial computer buses were parallel electrical wires with several connections, but the term is now applied for any physical layout that offers the similar logical functionality as a parallel electrical bus. Current computer buses can use both parallel as well as bit serial connections, and can be wired in either a multidrop (electrical parallel) or daisy chain topology, or linked by switched hubs, as in the case of USB. Buses function in units of cycles, messages and transactions. Talking about cycles, a message needs an amount of clock cycles to be delivered from sender to receiver through the bus. Speaking of messages, these are logical unit of information. For instance, a write message contains an address, control signals and the write data. Speaking of transactions, a transaction comprises of a sequence of messages which collectively form a transaction. For instance, a memory read needs a memory read message and a reply with the requested data. (http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/B/bus.html 2007) Answer for question 2 Buses can be parallel buses, which transport data words in parallel on numerous wires, or serial buses, which transport data in bit-serial form. The addition of extra power and control connections, differential drivers, and data connections in every direction generally indicates that mojority serial buses have extra conductors than the minimum of one utilized in 1-Wire and UNI/O. As data rates raise, the issues of timing skew, power usage, electromagnetic interference and crosstalk across parallel buses turn into more and more hard to circumvent. One partial solution to this issue is to double pump the bus. Usually, a serial bus can be worked at greater overall data rates than a parallel bus, regardless of having less electrical connections, due to the fact a serial bus basically has no timing skew or crosstalk. USB, FireWire, and Serial ATA are the likes of this. Multidrop connections will not perform properly for fast serial buses, so most contemporary serial buses utilize daisy-ch ain or hub designs. Traditional computer buses were bundles of wire that linked computer memory and peripherals. Anecdotally termed the digit trunk, they were known as after electrical power buses, or busbars. Almost often, there was single bus for memory, and one or more independent buses for peripherals. These were accessed by separate instructions, with entirely different timings and protocols. (Null, L., Lobur, J. 2006) One of the initial complications was the utilization of interrupts. Early computer programs carry out I/O by holding out in a loop for the peripheral to become prepared. This was a waste of time for program that had other tasks to perform. Also, if the program tried to carry out those other tasks, it may take too long for the program to check again, causing a loss of data. Engineers therefore set up for the peripherals to interrupt the CPU. The interrupts had to be prioritized, simply because the CPU will only perform code for one peripheral at a time, and some systems are more crucial than others. (Lochan, R. and Panigrahy. 2010) High-end systems implemented the plan of channel controllers, which were primarily small computers committed to deal with the input and output of a given bus. IBM implemented these on the IBM 709 in 1958, and they became into a usual feature of their platforms. Other high-performance vendors like Control Data Corporation utilized identical designs. Commonly, the channel controllers would perform their very best to manage all of the bus operations internally, transferring data when the CPU was deemed to be busy elsewhere if likely, and only utilizing interrupts when necessary. This tremendously reduce CPU load, and allows outstanding all round system performance. To provide modularity, memory and I/O buses can be combined into a unified system bus. In this situation, a single mechanical and electrical system can be utilized to link together numerous of the system components, or in some instances, all of them. Later computer programs started to share memory common to some CPUs. Accessi ng to this memory bus needed to be prioritized, as well. The easy method to prioritize interrupts or bus access was with a daisy chain. In this scenario signals will normally pass through the bus in physical or logical order, eliminating of the need for complex scheduling. (Null, L., Lobur, J. 2006) A system bus is an independent computer bus that connects the primary components of a computer system. The method was created to cut down costs and boost modularity. It combines the functions of a data bus to transport information, an address bus to decide where it should be delivered, and a control bus to identify its function. Every mainboard has a set of wires running across it that interconnect all the devices and chips that are lugged into it. These wires are jointly known as bus. The amount of wires in the bus determines how wide the bus is. A data bus is a computer subsystem that enables for the transporting of data from one component to another on a motherboard or system board, or between two computers. This can involve transporting data to and from the memory, or from the central processing unit(CPU) to other components. Every one is made to manage a quantity bits of data at a time. The quantity of data a data bus can deal with is known as bandwidth. The data bus comprises o f 8, 16, or 32 parallel signal lines. The data bus lines are bidirectional. Numerous devices in a system will have their outputs linked to the data bus, but only one device at a time will have its outputs enabled. Any device linked on the data bus must have three-state outputs so that its outputs can be disabled when it is not getting utilized to put data on the bus. An address bus is a computer bus architecture function to transport data between devices that are known by the hardware address of the physical memory (the physical address), which is kept in the form of binary numbers to allow the data bus to access memory storage. The address bus is utilized by the CPU or a direct memory access (DMA) enabled device to find the physical address to convey read/write commands. All address busses are read and written by the CPU or DMA in the form of bits. An address bus is part of the system bus architecture, which was created to reduce costs and improve modular integration. (Ram, B. 2007 ) Nevertheless, majority of current computers use a wide range of single buses for certain tasks. An individual computer consists of a system bus, which links the main components of a computer system and has three primary elements, of which the address bus is one of them, together with the data bus and control bus. An address bus is gauge by the quantity of memory a system can access. A system with a 32-bit address bus can handle 4 gigabytes of memory space. More sophisticated computers utilize a 64-bit address bus with a supporting operating system able to deal with 16 gigabytes of memory locations, which is virtually infinite. A control bus is a computer bus that is utilized by the CPU to interact with devices that are contained inside the computer. This happens via physical connections such as cables or printed circuits. The CPU transfers a wide range of control signals to components and devices to transfer control signals to the CPU making use of the control bus. One of the primary goals of a bus is to reduce the lines that are required for communication. An individual bus enables communication among devices employing single data channel. The control bus is bidirectional and helps the CPU in synchronizing control signals to internal devices and external components. It is made up of interrupt lines, byte enable lines, read/write signals and status lines. Interaction between the CPU and control bus is required for operating an efficient and functional system. With the lack of control bus the CPU unable decide whether the system is obtaining or transmitting data. It is the control bus that manages which way the write and read information need to go. The control bus consists of a control line for write instructions and a control line for read instructions. When the CPU writes data to the main memory, it sends a signal to the write command line. The CPU also transmits a signal to the read command line when it requires to read. This signal allows the CPU to receive or transmit data from main memory. (Ram, B. 2007) Conclusion for question 2 Bus in computer architecture is a very important component in a computer. A bus is a subsystem that moves data among elements within a computer, or between computers. A system bus is an independent computer bus that connects the primary components of a computer system and this method was created to cut down costs and boost modularity. It combines the functions of a data bus to transport information, an address bus to decide where it should be delivered, and a control bus to identify its function. One of the primary goals of a bus is to reduce the lines that are required for communication.

This Is Audie Murphy Essay -- essays research papers

This is Audie Murphy's life story. At the tender age of 12, he becomes the head of the family after his father deserts them. He joins the army at the age of 18 and through the course of the war is decorated for valor nine times thus becoming the most decorated combat soldier in World War II. Audie does one of the bravest acts any soldier ever did during the war. He climbs aboard a burning tank destroyer and single handedly keeps the enemy from advancing on his position. He spends almost an hour on top of the tank destroyer until his ammunition is exhausted. Seconds later after climbing off the tank destroyer, it explodes. For this action, Audie receives the Medal of Honor. PVT, AUS  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  30 Jun 42 PFC, AUS  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  7 May 43 CPL, AUS  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  15 Jul 43 SGT, AUS  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  13 Dec 43 S/SGT, AUS  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  13 Jan 44 2d LT, AUS  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  14 Oct 44 1st LT, AUS  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  16 Feb 45 1st LT, INF, ORC  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  21 Aug 45 CAPT, INF, TEX NG (Federal Recognition)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  14 July 50 CAPT, INF, NGUS  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  19 Oct 50 MAJ, INF, TEX NG (Federal Recognition)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  14 Feb 56 MAJ, INF, NGUS  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  14 Feb 56 MAJ, INF, USAR  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  8 Nov 66 SERVICE Audie L. Murphy enlisted in the Army of the United States, 30 June 1942, at Dallas, Te...

Sun Microsystems Strategic Positioning

SUN MICROSYSTEMS: STRATEGIC POSITIONING Susan L. Elvins National American University History, Strategy, International Abstract This thesis will discuss the corporate strategy of Sun Microsystems and the multiple issues they have faced both domestic and internationally. Sun Microsystems provides open source software applications and different types of hardware for business consumers. A benefit Sun Microsystems provides with new technology to customers is offering them the ability to trade computer parts when upgrading. ii CONTENTS Abstract †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. ii CHAPTER 1 SUN MICROSYSTEMS: INTRODUCTION †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 1 CHAPTER 2 SUN MICROSYSTEMS: HISTORY †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 2 History †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 2 Continued Growth †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 2 CHAPTER 3 SUN MICROSYSTEMS: MARKETING †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 4 SWOT Issues †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 4 Microsoft vs. Sun Microsystems †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 4 CHAPTER 4 SUN MICROSYSTEMS: PRODUCT TECHNOLOGY †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 6 Software †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 6 Servers †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â ‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. History Conclusion †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 6 CHAPTER 5 SUN MICROSYSTEMS: CODE OF ETHICS †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 8 Employee Code of Ethics †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 8 Employee Relationships †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 9 Anti-Discrimination Policy †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 9 CHAPTER 6 SUN MICROSYSTEMS: LEGAL ISSUES†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 0 Hardware Patents †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 10 CHAPTER 7 SUN MICROSYSTEMS: INTERNATIONAL COUNTRY ANALYSIS (ITALY) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 11 CHAPTER 8 SUN MICROSYSTEMS: INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENT †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 12 International Economy Results †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 12 Domestic Economy Results †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢ € ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 12 CHAPTER 9 SUN MICROSYSTEMS: INTERNATIONAL DEMOGRAPHICS †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 13 iii CHAPTER 10 SUN MICROSYSTEMS: INTERNATIONAL POLITICS †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 4 CHAPTER 11 SUN MICROSYSTEMS: INTERNATIONAL SWOT †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 15 SWOT Analysis †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 15 CHAPTER 12 SUN MICROSYSTEMS: GLOBAL BUSINESS STRATEGIES †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 16 Five Business Level Strategies †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 16 CHAPTER 13 SUN MICROSYSTEMS: CHANGE MANAGEMENT †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 17 Server Management †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦.. 17 CHAPTER 14 SUN MICROSYSTEMS: STRATEGIC CHANGE †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 8 Product Upgrade †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 18 Storage Management †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 19 Open Source Management †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 19 CHA PTER 14 IMPLEMENT PLAN OF CHANGE †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 20 Implement Change †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 20 CHAPTER 16 IMPROVEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 1 References †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 22 CERTIFICATE OF AUTHENTICATION NATIONAL AMERICAN UNIVERSITY . 25 APPENDIX A PORTER’S FIVE FORCES †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 26 APPENDIX B GOVERNMENTAL PARTIES †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 27 iv History, Strategy, International CHAPTER 1 SUN MICROSYSTEMS: INTRODUCTION Over the last 26 years, Sun has built a strong business strategy to satisfy commercial and consumer buyers with multiple products. When it all comes down to it, Sun Microsystems is one of the most defined and trusted computer manufactures in the globe. This thesis paper discusses the achievements of Sun Microsystems, Inc. Chapter 2 looks into the history of Sun Microsystems. Chapter 3 reviews the choice marketing strategy of Sun and how they have improved their current business position. Chapter 4 examines what products Sun provides consumers in software, storage, desktops, workstations, and microelectronics. Chapter 5 discusses the business code of ethics policy. Chapter 6 explores the legality of Sun Microsystems. Chapters 7 through 11 discuss the international facility of Sun Microsystems in Milan, Italy and chapter 12 explores their global business strategies. 1 History, Strategy, International CHAPTER 2 SUN MICROSYSTEMS: HISTORY In 1982, four people got together and built Sun Microsystems, Inc. in Santa Clara, California. The latest date of 2007 annual reports confirms this company now has 34,000 employees worldwide. According to Hoovers, the top three executives are Jonathan I. Schwartz, President, CEO and Director, then Scott G. McNealy, Chairman, and then Gregory M. Papadopoulos, EVP Research and Development and CTO. (Hoovers, 2008) Since 1982, Sun Microsystems has believed, â€Å"The Network is the Computer† to achieve their company success. History In 1983, Sun made enough revenue to open operations overseas in Europe. (Sun, 2008) This new overseas office gave many capabilities to what Sun could accomplish. For example, Sun opened their doors in multiple international countries to build revenue. The first international operations for Sun opened in Canada in 1985 (Sun, 2008). The following year, operations started in Asia then in Australia. Sun, 2008) In 1988, Sun reached their first $1 million dollars in sales revenue, which is a major milestone. (Sun, 2008) In 1990, Sun introduced the first workstation which was a new plateau reached. (Sun, 2008) This workstation brought new strategy into Sun’s marketing strategy because of opportunity it added. Continued Growth In the late 1990’s, Sun expanded their business horizons int o hardware then built a T1 server which handled the backbone of the Internet. (Sun, 2008) That same year, Sun completed the Micro, Standard, and Enterprise editions of the Java 2 platform 2 Comment [US1]: Period follows citation not before History, Strategy, International 3 application. (Sun, 2008) Java software gives opportunity to developers they previously did not have. This software allows programmers to develop and build ideas more easily. Java is used in web browsers to this day, so it is important to ensure that application stays updated as required. History, Strategy, International CHAPTER 3 SUN MICROSYSTEMS: MARKETING The marketing strategy of Sun Microsystems did change as the company increased the product line because with additions they needed to build a correct strategy. The reason for changing the marketing strategy is to compete with businesses just like them. Sun Microsystems has always ensured that their consumers receive the best products and the best in customer service. In 1992, a great marketing strategy used by Sun was to join with Hewlett Packard and announce new workstations built specifically for technical businesses. As the author of Computerworld magazine stated, â€Å"The companies are pitching their workstations to different customers–Sun wants to displace PCs from commercial desktops and HP is focusing on the midrange and high-end workstation user. (Johnson, 1992, 4) SWOT Issues Just like any other business, Sun has strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. Keeping those four key points in mind will provide Sun the assistance they need to further their possibilities in the world of technology. Sun was able to acquire the program application MySQL. In many technical circles such as networking, the word â€Å"lampâ₠¬  will be used during a discussion between administrators. An IT article explains how these letters are also read. The letters of lamp each stand for an application used to build a network server; Linux, Apache, MySQL, and PHP. Anonymous, 2008) Microsoft vs. Sun Microsystems Microsoft is a company that many consumers know for the popular operating software they provide, Windows. Some may not be aware of legal issues that had taken 4 Comment [US2]: Magazines and newspapers are in italics History, Strategy, International 5 place between Microsoft and Sun regarding the Java application. A 2004 article put many business owners at ease when the authors stated, â€Å"Just before last Christmas, secret talks aimed at ending one of the bitterest wars in business foundered. (Guth & Clark, 2004, A1) The disagreement began on October 1997 when Microsoft was sued for using Java incorrectly. In January 2001, Microsoft and Sun did reach an agreement finally to settle the 1997 case in which Mic rosoft paid Sun $20 million dollars. (Guth & Clark, 2004) The settlement of this case actually allowed both companies to move forward without regrets. On March 10, 2008, Microsoft and Sun Microsystems met once again and this time it was on better terms. Both companies created an alliance including the grand opening of the Sun/Microsoft Interoperability Center. The center is located in Redmond, Washington, the same location of the headquarters for Microsoft. One benefit this center received was the type of Sun server and storage system. The other benefit was the type of Microsoft server software. (Johnson, 2008) History, Strategy, International 6 CHAPTER 4 SUN MICROSYSTEMS: PRODUCT TECHNOLOGY Software Sun provides many options to consumers when choosing from software. It is not just operating systems. Sun provides Java and Java Enterprise Systems to the consumers. Consumers have the ability to use Mobile Solutions when they are away from their away from their main computer. Business management software is available on levels of security for identity management or systems management. Software tools to assist database maintenance, application management, and development production are also available. The latest version of Solaris is Solaris 10 and it was released in 2004. (Sun, 2008) Servers Sun Microsystems has been busy improving since the original SPARC came onto the market. Now consumers have multiple options within this category to chose. For example, a consumer could choose a â€Å"Blade† server, the â€Å"x64† server, a Netra server, a SPARC erver, an Entry Rack Mount server, a Mid-range server, or a High-End server. Each product has advantages and disadvantages that will match up to a consumer’s needs. If a business still needs to consider options, the Sun web site performs a comparison of the servers. If a business needs something more customized, Sun will provide rack cabinets so the business can build a specialized rack sys tem to meet their own needs. History Conclusion Sun Microsystems provides more than software, main frames, and rack systems to the consumer. Over the last 26 years, Sun has built a strong business strategy to satisfy History, Strategy, International 7 commercial and consumer buyers with multiple products. Sun is a business that believes the best way to earn revenue is to stay focused on important issues. Keeping focus on business strategy and consumer needs will turn growth and revenue into prosperity. History, Strategy, International CHAPTER 5 SUN MICROSYSTEMS: CODE OF ETHICS In 2001, Sun Microsystems built a Business Conduct Office (BCO) to assist employees and board members as necessary. (Corporate, 2008) To ensure employees are assisted in the best possible way, Sun keeps this document consistently updated. An employee can contact the human resources department should they have any questions or concerns. Employee Code of Ethics After employees are hired, they are provided with documentation listing a helpfully written ethics policy each person is required to follow. As an employee, a person is expected to use common sense in the decision-making process. More importantly, Sun requires each employee and board member to follow these company ethical guidelines: â€Å"Be familiar with these Standards of Business Conduct and follow them at all times. Comply with all applicable governmental laws, rules, and regulations in the performance of their duties on Sun’s behalf. Be sensitive to situations which could lead to inappropriate business conduct and avoid engaging in such inappropriate business conduct. Comply fully with the letter and spirit of Sun’s Conflict of Interest policy and always conduct Sun business in a manner that avoids conflicts between personal interests and Sun’s best interests. Promptly bring to the attention of appropriate Sun management or Sun’s Business Conduct Office any known or perceived unacceptable business conduct or illegal behavior. Seek appropriate guidance when it is suspected that business conduct issues. 8 History, Strategy, International 9 Always conduct Sun’s business with honesty and integrity and refrain from conduct that would negatively impact Sun’s reputation. † (Sun Microsystems, 2007) Employee Relationships Businesses must build a working relationship between their employees just as they do with their consumers. It is also important for employees to know they will always have the respect of their employer at all times. Employees are expected to return the same professional conduct as a courtesy to their employer. In addition to professional standards, Sun has a global anti-discrimination policy that protects employee rights. This anti-discrimination policy serves dual purpose because it protects an employee’s rights and it prevents discrimination within the company. Anti-Discrimination Policy In the anti-discrimination policy, there are four types of harassment examples. They are verbal harassment, visual harassment, physical harassment, and sexual demands. (Sun Microsystems, 2007) An example of verbal harassment is co-worker insults another with explicit jokes or makes sexual remarks towards another person. Visual harassment is considered graphic material whether it is written, printed, or sent through email. Physical harassment is considered more sexual driven as a person intentionally brushes up against another in a way that is unwelcome. Sexual demands are defined as unwanted sexual advances. History, Strategy, International CHAPTER 6 SUN MICROSYSTEMS: LEGAL ISSUES Sun Microsystems has a legal department that has the capability to work through multiple situations. For example, Sun took legal action against Microsoft after discovering their Java code was used to advance Microsoft’s Internet Explorer. After Sun and Microsoft ironed legal differences in front of a judge in 2004, both companies emerged with new ideas. According to a 2007 article in the Wall Street Journal, â€Å"Sun has agreed to sell servers that come with Windows installed at the factory. Some customers already run Windows on Sun's x86 systems — those that use chips from Intel Corp. and Advanced Micro Devices Inc. — but had to buy and install the software themselves. † (Lawton & Clark, 2007) The executive vice president of Sun’s systems group stated, â€Å"This is quite a different situation. (Lawton & Clark, 2007) It is obvious seeing Sun and Microsoft business activities they can become allies and begin build something new to benefit the consumer. Hardware Patents Another legal issue was resolved between Sun and a company named Custom Hardware Engineering over a patent dispute. Financial Wire briefly explained this suit in an article because of the delicate legal information involved . This independent service stated, â€Å"Custom Hardware had filed an antitrust counterclaim against the charges and was seeking $140 million in damages. † (FinancialWire, 2007) Sun settled the counterclaim with an amount that has not been disclosed. Because Sun purchased this hardware company, Sun in turn legally owned all rights however; one could possibly see why Custom Hardware attempted to sue for counter damages. 10 History, Strategy, International CHAPTER 7 SUN MICROSYSTEMS: INTERNATIONAL COUNTRY ANALYSIS (ITALY) This section of the Sun Microsystems research paper discusses the international facility. The global center is located in Milan, Italy. The international center provides consumers the exact services that American customers receive. This section provides economic details of Italy such as employment and unemployment. Other information discussed is things pertaining to demographics and the future of how Sun can progressively build its facility in the country. Over the last 26 years, Sun Microsystems has built a strong business strategy to satisfy commercial and consumer buyers with multiple products. When it all comes down to it, Sun Microsystems is one of the most defined and trusted computer corporations across the globe. 11 History, Strategy, International CHAPTER 8 SUN MICROSYSTEMS: INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENT Sun has built a center in Milan and it is called the Solution Center. They believe it will â€Å"expand business opportunities, lower development costs, and get products to market quickly†. (Sun, 2008) Customers can choose from products such as Solaris and Linux servers, desktop computers, and other types of storage peripherals. Four services available in the Milan Solution Center are proofs-of concept, benchmarks, product and solution demos, and porting. (Sun, 2008) International Economy Results In Italy, the first economic quarterly period was reported as $387,952 million Euros. It was showing a 0. 7% change from the previous quarterly period with a 1. 9% change from the previous year. Italy, 2008) As of May 2008, the employment rate status was 23,229 and the unemployment rate was 6. 5%. The total imports of goods and services in May 2008 amounted to $40,150 million Euro. Total exports of goods and services in May 2008 amounted to $39,688 million Euro. SDDS data reported the revenue of 2007 being $724,246 million Euro. (Italy, 2008) The Sun fa cility is located in Milan, Italy. Domestic Economy Results As of August 2008, Sun Microsystems reported its fiscal results. The revenue for the fiscal year was $13,888 billion. Revenue results for Q4 of fiscal 2008 are $3. 780 billion. Net-income for the fiscal 2008 earnings is $88 million. Cash earnings from operations of fiscal year are $1. 3 billion. (â€Å"Sun Microsystems,† 2008) 12 History, Strategy, International CHAPTER 9 SUN MICROSYSTEMS: INTERNATIONAL DEMOGRAPHICS On July 2007, a census reported the population of Italy to be 58,147,733 residents approximately. (Intute-World Guide, 2006/2008) The total residents in the labor force as of 2007 were 24. 86 million. The exports of Italy are engineering products, textiles and clothing, production machinery, motor vehicles, transport equipment, chemicals, food, beverages and tobacco, minerals and nonferrous metals. The country of Italy has boundaries to Austria, France, San Marino, Slovenia, Switzerland and the Vatican City including a coastline that spans 7,600 kilometers. (Intute-World Guide, 2006/2008) There are eight seaports, Augusta, Genoa, Livorno, Ravenna, Sarroch, Taranto, Trieste, and Venice. Italy has one gas pipeline and one oil pipeline. Two types of railways and 612 merchant ships are available to carry commercial or industrial cargo. (CIA-The World, 2008) Population According to The World Fact Book, the population of Italy was 58,145,321 as of July 2008. The median age of the male was 41. 4 years. The median age for the female was 44. years. The census of 2001 showed literacy rate for the male population as 98. 8% and the literacy of the female population as 98%. In a census as of 2006, school age expectancy for males was 16 years and school age expectancy was 17 years for females. (CIA-The World, 2008) 13 History, Strategy, International CHAPTER 10 SUN MICROSYSTEMS: INTERNATIONA L POLITICS According to the Maps of the World, there are three government components in Italian politics executive, legislature, and judiciary. (Government and, 2008) The executive area is in essence the Prime Minister while judiciary has control over legal power of the country. Italian citizens are permitted to vote at the age of 18. They can choose from a multiple list of governmental parties listed in Appendix B. (Government and, 2008) 14 History, Strategy, International CHAPTER 11 SUN MICROSYSTEMS: INTERNATIONAL SWOT Even though Sun has a facility in Italy, a SWOT analysis must be followed to ensure business operations move smoothly. SWOT analysis is defined by Bnet. com as, â€Å"an assessment of Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats. SWOT analysis is used within organizations in the early stages of strategic and marketing planning. It is also used in problem solving, decision making, or for making staff aware of the need for change. It can be used at a personal level when examining your career path or determining possible career development. † (Cnet Networks Inc, 2008) In essence, the SWOT analysis is used to guide a business with structure and conformity. SWOT Analysis The SWOT analysis shows how strengths and weaknesses are internal whereas opportunities and threats are external. Using that philosophy, Sun must keep track of strengths or business advantages at their Milan facility. Sun should consider how to improve the current business status by increasing revenue in the technical market. When a business keeps aware of opportunities, it can improve their status. A few examples provided by QuickMBA. com are, â€Å"an unfulfilled customer need, arrival of new technologies, loosening of regulations, and removal of international trade barriers. † (Swot Analysis, 1999/2007) For example, currently Sun has a few facilities with trade barriers so should they be lifted that will allow easier delivery of product and building of revenue. Furthermore, Sun has 10 General Prohibition restrictions with specific countries and customers. (Sun Microsystems, 1994/2008) These restrictions protect Sun as well as their employees. 15 History, Strategy, International CHAPTER 12 SUN MICROSYSTEMS: GLOBAL BUSINESS STRATEGIES The three strategies business owners can choose from when determining what will work best for their business strategy on a global scale are multi-domestic, global, and transnational. The multi-domestic business strategy focuses on all overseas countries the firm has operations. The global strategy focuses on how products are delivered to the countries. According to Cangemi, â€Å"a transnational strategy seeks to combine aspects of both multidomestic and global strategies in order to emphasize both local responsiveness and global integration and coordination. † (Cangemi, 2008) Five Business Level Strategies Sun builds benefit from the five business level strategies that are cost leadership, differentiation, focused low cost, focused differentiation, and integrated strategy. Sun recognizes five items their business could face while attempting to improve. These items known as Porters Five Forces are competitive rivalry, power of suppliers, power of buyers, threats of substitutes, and threats of new entrants. A visual of Porters five forces is displayed in Appendix A. (Recklies, 2007) Albert Einstein once said, â€Å"Try not to become a man of success but rather to become a man of value. † (Success Quotes, 1994/2007) Sun delivers value to their consumers both domestic and international. Sun has grown to a successful business because of their continuous years of hard work from the CEO and all employees. Sun has proven to succeed in business it takes dedication, communication, and the willingness to work outside of the box. 16 History, Strategy, International CHAPTER 13 SUN MICROSYSTEMS: CHANGE MANAGEMENT Since 1982, Sun Microsystems has followed a structured business plan of goals for company products, services and higher revenue earnings. The 1980’s was a time for many companies to begin automating their systems. While some companies were just beginning to automate, Sun introduced its first workstation for businesses. In 1983, Sun opened the first facility overseas in Europe to expand products and increase revenue. Server Management In 2000, Sun customers who purchased high-end servers experienced a memory glitch error. Because of the error’s location, a statement was released on anonymity. The CIO stated, â€Å"Sun has taken an aggressive approach to addressing these issues with our customers. We have identified the source of the problem and taken steps to ensure that it does not happen again. † (Wagner, 2000, 10) Executives have said even though consumers were requested to sign a nondisclosure agreement to protect proprietary information, Sun plans to releasing a system board before the New Year that should resolve this error. Just as a gardener pull weeds for vegetables growth, Sun executives train personnel so they can grow within the business and excel. 17 History, Strategy, International CHAPTER 14 SUN MICROSYSTEMS: STRATEGIC CHANGE In December 2002, Sun Microsystems accomplished one more business goal after automation of their data center. Gordon Haff, analyst at Illuminata explains, Making effective use of data-center assets always has been an issue, but it's been exacerbated by the technology build-out of a few years ago. People would be very happy with a magic solution that allowed 1,000 servers to be managed as easy as one server, but that doesn't exist today, software developments such as IBM's Project eLiza, Hewlett-Packard's Adaptive Management Platform, and Sun Microsystems' N1 are steps in the right direction. (Greenemeier, 2002) Product Upgrade In April 2004, Sun Microsystems performed a product upgrades to Linux that provided business consumers desktop ease. This Linux version provides a newer version of Enterprise Java desktop. Not only that, system administrators can now control the entire desktop from a central platform. Chris Maresca, senior partner from Olliance Consulting states, â€Å"The desktop is one of the largest cost components of any modern corporation. When you layer on top of that the cost of server-based productivity apps tied to desktops, like Exchange, and you factor in the support costs for the desktops, servers and updates/security patches, plus mandatory hardware upgrades every few years, [the migration case] becomes even more compelling. † (Rooney, 2004) 18 History, Strategy, International 19 Storage Management In 2004, an upgrade that brought positive results to Sun was in the data management department. Sun announced the products StorEdge 6920 and Sun StorEdge 9990 storage devices. Marc Canepa, executive vice president of Sun Microsystems storage products says, â€Å"We don't think of storage as a separate company that just happens to be owned by Sun Microsystems, just like we don't believe that the strategy to reduce cost and complexity is one of going to a customer and taking over the whole operation. † (Fonseca, 2004) Open Source Management The strategy for this project has increased as time progressed because it is a very important product. An example of this is Sun classifying commercial open-source business strategies into four categories. Driver, Feinberg, and Weiss listed them in a Sun Microsystems Open Source 2008 report as: Sponsor open-source projects and solutions as an active member of a community, leverage open-source software embedded in other products and services, support and integrate selected products and services with open-source solutions, and provide direct, commercialized products and services of open-source solutions. (Driver & Feinberg, 2008) History, Strategy, International CHAPTER 14 IMPLEMENT PLAN OF CHANGE Sun Microsystems provides a vast amount of products, which support multiple needs of customers. To ensure the best strategy, Sun Microsystems must implement a plan to improve their current strategic position. When a business uses one strategy continuous, employees tend to become complacent then fall into a comfort zone. When Sun implements a new strategy, they could experience some resistance from employees because they did fall into that comfort zone. Implement Change When a business is ready to improve, management needs to be aware of three things, people, communication, and training. As John Kline explains in his article, â€Å"Implementing organizational change is a difficult and critical task. It has always been that way and is getting more so with the accelerated rate of change in most organizations. † (Kline, 2007) Employees must be aware of the changes made and how it will affect them. It is important for managers to stay communicated with their staff and keep them informed of any changes as they take place. During the process, managers should be training employees so they are prepared for the new conversion. 20 History, Strategy, International CHAPTER 16 IMPROVEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS Sun has a scheduled budget for research and development. The current strategy has allowed this company the ability to build a strong position in technology. Sun purchased a software company to complete a software collection for service-oriented architecture (SOA). Unfortunately, since this purchase Sun has not regained any lost ground. Sun must research what is currently available for storage management software and reconsider improving the plan for usage in mainframe systems. Sun should make a plan of time to review servers being sold. For example, newer technology will allow the company to provide things which older technology could not. A question Sun Microsystems must consider is how to manage replacements of damaged servers from customers when those particular servers have been replaced with newer models. Perhaps it is an opportunity for Sun to offer their customers a discount in such cases. In conclusion, Sun has built a strong business strategy to satisfy commercial and consumer buyers with multiple products. Because marketing is their responsibility, they must track sales and competition then readjust as necessary. Sun Microsystems is a defined and trusted computer corporation that international and domestic markets will work with. 1 History, Strategy, International 22 References Cangemi, R. R. (2008). The Formulation of an International Strategy. Pace University. p26-4. CIA-The World Factbook Italy. (2008). Retrieved August 11, 2008, from CIA Web site: https://www. cia. gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/print/it. html Cnet Networks Inc. (2008). SWOT Analysis Definition. In BNet. com. San Francisco: C net Networks, Inc. Driver, M. , Feinberg, D. & Weiss. (2008). Open Source at Sun Microsystems, 2008 (Research Note G00156448). Denver, CO: Gartner. Fonseca, B. (2004, September 20). Sun, HP Focus on Storage; Goal is to simplify SAN management. Eweek, p. 31. Government and Politics in Italy. (2008). San Jose, CA: MAP XL Inc. Greenemeier, L. (2002, December 2). Automating the Data Center. InformationWeek (917), 65. Guth, R. A. , & Clark, D. (2004, April 5). Peace Program-Behind Secret Settlement Talks: New Power of Tech Customers; Microsoft, Sun Bury Hatchet, As Big Clients Demand Products Work Together; Gates Spotted in Enemy Camp. Wall Street Journal, p. A1. Hoovers. (2008). Sun Microsystems Executives [Data]. Available from Hoovers, http:// www. hoovers. com/free/co/people. html? ID=14833 Intute-World Guide. (2008). (Original work published 2006) Retrieved August 7, 2008, from Intute Web site: http://www. intute. ac. uk/sciences/worldguide/html/ 920_people. html History, Strategy, International 23 Italy: Economic and financial data. (2008) Retrieved on August 9, 2008 from http://www. istat. it/fmi/ITALY-NSDP. html#Real_Sector Johnson, M. (1992, November 16). Su n, HP Rev Workstations. Computerworld, p. 4. Johnson, R. (2008, March 10). Sun and Microsoft Expand Investment In Interoperability With New Center in Redmond, WA. Sun News. Kline, John A. (2007, January 1). How to implement change in your organization: the key: communicate, communicate, communicate. The Free Library. Recklies, D. (2007, December 30). Porters Five Forces. The Manager. org. Rooney, P. (2004, April 19). Migrating To LINUX. CRN, pp. 28. Success Quotes [Albert Einstein Quote]. (2007). (Original work published 1994) Retrieved August 17, 2008, from Quotations Page Web site: http:// www. quotationspage. com/subjects/success/ Sun Microsystems Export Prohibitions Disclaimer [International Trade Services]. (2008). (Original work published 1994) Retrieved August 17, 2008, from Sun Microsystems Web site: http://www. un. com/sales/its/prohibitions. html Sun Microsystems Reports Final Results for Full Fiscal Year and Fourth Quarter 2008. (2008, August). Sun Newsletter. Sun Microsystems, Inc. (2008). History. Retrieved from Sun Microsystems, Inc. , http://www. sun. com/aboutsun/company/history. jsp Sun Solutions Center: Milan, Italy. (2008) Retrieved on August 9, 2008 from: Sun Microsy stems: http://www. sun. com/solutioncenters/locations/milan/ Sun's Open Source Experiment. (2008, January). IT Week, 13. History, Strategy, International 24 SWOT Analysis. (2007). Original work published 1999) Retrieved August 17, 2008, from Quick MBA Web site: http://www. quickmba. com/strategy/swot/ Wagner, M. (2000, Nov 13). Sun under Fire for Crashes – IT Execs Say Server Vendor was Unresponsive; Hardware Fix for Memory Glitch is coming. Internetweek, PG10. History, Strategy, International CERTIFICATE OF AUTHENTICATION NATIONAL AMERICAN UNIVERSITY GRADUATE STUDIES Submitted to: Dr. Richard H Gayer Submitted by: Susan L. Elvins Course: Strategy and Policy Date of Submission: September 11, 2008 Certificate of Authorship I hereby certify that I am the author of this document and any assistance I received in